Fundamental Issues in Educational Assessment
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摘要: 本文探讨教育评价必须面对的几大问题，包括教育目标的多重性、教育评价的完整性、教育目标的非兼容性及矛盾性，以及教育目标的个性化等。这些问题是教育评价中不可避免但又必须恰当处理的。因此，教育评价的发展方向应该是更加关注长期的教育性目标，减少对短期的教学性目标评价的依赖；更加注重个性化评价，找出个体学生的价值和发展方向。Abstract: This article discusses a number of challenging issues in educational assessment, including multiplicity and incompatibility of educational outcomes, the desire and need to assess all outcomes, and personalization of educational outcomes. These are issues that educational assessment must deal with properly. Thus, the article argues that the future of educational assessment should focus more on long-term educational outcomes and reduce attention on short-term instructional outcomes. It should also focus on personalizing educational assessment so as to help individuals discover and develop their unique strengths and passions.
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表 2 TIMSS 2011数学成绩与信心比较
国家地区 数学分数 信心（%） 看重数学（%） 韩国 613 3 14 新加坡 611 14 43 中国台湾 609 7 13 中国香港 586 7 26 日本 570 2 13 美国 509 24 51 英国 507 16 48 澳大利亚 505 17 46 
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表 3 PISA 2010成绩与创业活动相关系数
PISA阅读 PISA数学 PISA科学 感知能力（Perceived Capabilities） −0.595** −0.586** −0.608** 新生创业率（Nascent Entre Rate） −0.693** −0.636** −0.678** 新企业拥有率（New Biz Ownsp Rate） −0.371* −0.374* −0.392* 早期创业活动总量（Total Early Stage Entre Activity） −0.658** −0.620** −0.658** 数据来源：PISA 2010和2010国际创业活动研究
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