The Evolution of Digital divide: from Access to Engagement——Based on the Undergraduate Online Learning Survey during Covid-19
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摘要: 数字鸿沟最初是描述不同社会经济背景群体信息技术渗透率的差异,近年来其判定标准逐渐从外部的网络接入演变为内在的心智投入。基于上海39所高校64949名本科生样本的研究发现,“旧数字鸿沟”接近弥合,仅户籍在农村或乡镇的学生新买电脑或开通宽带的行为显著高于城市生源。“新数字鸿沟”更为突出: 女生在线上学习时看小说或玩游戏等娱乐行为显著高于男生;家庭第一代大学生线上学习的专注力与持久度均显著低于非第一代大学生;农村生源在全部6项指标上都面临比城市生源更严峻的挑战。通过回归模型控制其他变量之后,网络接入对本科生在线学习效果的自我评价影响甚微;但“新数字鸿沟”使用偏好与投入程度各项指标对在线学习效果的影响都显著,效应值也相对较大。Abstract: The original operational definition of digital divide is the difference in information technology penetration rate among subgroups by social economic background. The recent evolving trend of digital divide is the gradual shift in its primary criteria from the external access to internal engagement. Based on a large sample of 64,949 undergraduates from 39 universities in Shanghai, the current study found that the original digital divide nearly closes, for only the students living in villages or towns purchased more laptops or broadband services than urban students during Covid-19. The new digital divide, however, deserves more attention. Female students more frequently read novels or play games during online courses than males. First-generation college students are more difficult to focus and engage in online learning than second-generation college students. Rural students face more challenges in all above-mentioned six dimensions. After controlling other variables in regression models, the internet access has little impact on the self-evaluation of online learning outcomes, while the usage preference and learning engagement measured as the new digital divide are statistically significant and have relatively larger effect sizes.
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Key words:
- Digital divide /
- Online learning /
- Learning engagement /
- Education equality
1) ①SOTL-U调查问卷里的生源地包括农村、乡镇、县城或县级市、地级市以及直辖市或省会城市五级。本文的数据分析把户籍所在地为“农村”与“乡镇”的并入农村生源,其余则并入城市生源。2) ②2019年“中国本科教与学”课题组对全国43所高校4461名本科生的调查得出的家庭第一代大学生占比为67.25%。家庭第一代大学生比例在国内已有研究里的区间为46.8%到75%(郭娇,2020)。本研究的48.6%相对较低,但仍在此取值范围内。3) ③问卷设计时未找到关于数字鸿沟的成熟量表,这6道题目分散在对学生用于学习的设备购买、课上行为以及学习状态等不同调查问题里。每个维度题目数少,无法进行信效度检验,从表2的相关系数来看,r(新买设备,开通宽带)=0.223***;r(课上娱乐,课下阅读)=−0.145***;r(精神集中,持续学习)=0.580***,方向与显著性都通过检验。心智投入这个维度两道题的相关性绝对值相对更大,比其余两个维度的信度更高。4) ④模型的稳健性检验还包括采用不同的结果变量(例如学生对在线学习时基础知识、信息素养、问题解决、未来规划等8项能力提升的自我评价),处理自愿参与带来的抽样偏差(根据不同高校以及不同学科的答题人数设置权重)等,关于数字鸿沟与在线学习效果的主要结论本质上始终保持不变,在此不对上述检验逐一赘述。 -
表 1 基于性别、户籍所在地、父母学历划分的数字鸿沟均值比较
维度 变量 均值 女(N=39757) 男(N=25192) 农村生源(N=11872) 城市生源(N=53077) 家庭第一代大学生(N=33362) 非第一代大学生(N=31587) 网络接入 新买设备 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.36 0.39 0.35 开通宽带 0.10 0.15 0.16 0.11 0.13 0.11 使用行为 课上娱乐 2.99 2.95 3.04 2.96 3.01 2.94 课下阅读 2.88 2.79 2.68 2.88 2.78 2.92 心智投入 精神集中 2.97 2.93 2.80 2.99 2.88 3.02 持续学习 3.15 3.08 2.98 3.16 3.06 3.19 表 2 性别、户籍所在地、父母学历与数字鸿沟的相关分析
均值 标准差 新买设备 开通宽带 课上娱乐 课下阅读 精神集中 持续学习 性别 城乡生源 新买设备 0.370 0.483 开通宽带 0.118 0.323 0.223*** 课上娱乐 2.975 0.957 −0.021*** −0.006 课下阅读 2.847 1.030 −0.046*** −0.027*** −0.145*** 精神集中 2.954 1.003 −0.027*** −0.026*** −0.437*** 0.172*** 持续学习 3.127 1.014 −0.040*** −0.032*** −0.428*** 0.209*** 0.580*** 性别(女=1) 0.612 0.487 −0.025*** −0.066*** 0.022*** 0.046*** 0.016*** 0.037*** 生源(农村=1) 0.183 0.386 0.061*** 0.056*** 0.035*** −0.076*** −0.069*** −0.068*** −0.046*** 父母学历
(家庭第一代
大学生=1)0.486 0.500 0.034*** 0.030*** 0.038*** −0.072*** −0.068*** −0.068*** −0.051*** 0.350*** 注:*p<0.05,**p<0.01,***p<0.001,下三角为皮尔森相关系数 表 3 基于性别、户籍所在地、父母学历划分的在线学习效果评价的均值比较与相关分析
变量 不同学生群体 女
(N=39757)男
(N=25192)农村
(N=11872)城市
(N=53077)家庭第一代大学生
(N=33362)非第一代大学生
(N=31587)在线学习效果 3.11 3.00 2.94 3.09 3.00 3.12 与在线学习效果
的相关系数性别(女=1):0.058*** 户籍(农村=1):−0.066*** 父母学历(家庭第一代大学生=1):−0.070*** 注:*p<0.05,**p<0.01,***p<0.001,下三角为皮尔森相关系数 表 4 基于性别、户籍所在地、父母学历的数字鸿沟回归分析
变量 网络接入 使用行为 心智投入 新买设备 开通宽带 课上娱乐 课下阅读 精神集中 持续学习 性别(女=1) −0.026*** −0.063*** 0.034*** 0.025*** −0.003 0.021*** 农村生源 0.058*** 0.049*** 0.022*** −0.055*** −0.045*** −0.046*** 家庭第一代大学生 0.012** 0.009* 0.033*** −0.046*** −0.056*** −0.050*** 年级 −0.033*** −0.002 −0.093*** 0.050*** 0.075*** 0.062*** “双一流”建设高校 −0.076*** −0.012** 0.060*** −0.009* −0.039*** −0.031*** 社会科学 −0.036*** −0.036*** 0.047*** −0.031*** −0.036*** −0.037*** 理工农医 −0.043*** −0.018*** 0.055*** −0.064*** −0.072*** −0.055*** df 64941 64941 64941 64941 64941 64941 R2 0.012 0.008 0.017 0.014 0.018 0.014 调整后R2 0.012 0.008 0.017 0.014 0.018 0.014 F值 115.9 75.2 157.5 134.7 166.8 135.9 注:*p<0.05,**p<0.01,***p<0.001。表内为标准化的回归系数Beta。学科门类以人文艺术为参照。 表 5 数字鸿沟与在线学习效果的回归分析
变量 回归模型1 回归模型2 回归模型3 回归模型4 个人背景变量 性别(女=1) 0.040*** 0.035*** 0.039*** 0.038*** 农村生源 −0.042*** −0.029*** −0.012** −0.012*** 家庭第一代大学生 −0.052*** −0.050*** −0.033*** −0.019*** 年级 0.073*** 0.030*** −0.003 0.023 “双一流”建设高校 −0.035** −0.012** −0.006* −0.009* 社会科学 −0.026*** −0.020*** −0.002 0.004 理工农医 −0.059*** −0.066*** −0.040*** −0.015** 网络接入 新买设备 −0.006 −0.004 0.007* 开通宽带 0.004 0.006 −0.002 使用行为 课上娱乐 −0.262*** −0.174*** 课下阅读 0.189*** 0.144*** 心智投入 精神集中 0.173*** 持续学习 0.226*** df 64941 64939 64937 64935 R2 0.012 0.012 0.128 0.183 调整后R2 0.012 0.012 0.128 0.183 F值 110.2 86.01 866.3 1119 注:*p<0.05,**p<0.01,***p<0.001。表内为标准化的回归系数Beta。学科门类以人文艺术为参照。 -
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