Mixed-methods Inquiry into Interpersonal Interaction in Online Teaching——The Perspective of Shanghai University Teachers
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摘要: 人际互动是影响在线教学成效的关键因素,SOTL-T课题组通过对8850位高校教师的问卷调查和23位教师的深度访谈,对在线教学人际互动的特征和效果进行了分析。研究发现:(1)在互动媒介方面,文字互动占比最大,其留存性和可见性强,可以通过字斟句酌锻炼学生书面表达能力,但出现了表情包辅助和表述简短化的趋势;音视频互动对网速和深层表演有较高要求,出于后台前台化的形象整饰压力,教师打开摄像头的频率不高。(2)在互动时间方面,同步互动的时间刚性强、间隔短、边界清晰、节奏匀速且方向单一,时间利用效率相对较高;异步互动的时间刚性弱、间隔长、边界模糊、节奏可控且能撤销和剪辑,时间效率更低。(3)在互动空间方面,分割的空间限制了在线教学互动的多样性与充分性,但同时也能通过匿名保护形成人际安全距离;在有特殊空间需求的课程中,在线教学展现出了独有的优势或劣势。(4)超过半数的老师认为,在线教学人际互动的频率和效果较线下教学都有所下降,平台设计只是更多地满足了教师一方的符号输出需求。基于此,本研究对高校、教师和平台开发者提出了相应的行动建议。Abstract: Interpersonal interaction is a key factor affecting the effectiveness of online teaching. The SOTL-T project analyzed the characteristics and effects of the negative aspects of online teaching through a questionnaire survey of 8850 university teachers and 23 in-depth interviews with teachers. The study found that: In terms of interactive media, text interaction accounts for the largest proportion because of its retention and visibility. The written expression ability is exercised through careful consideration of words and sentences, and there is a trend of emoticon assistance and conciseness. Audio and video interactions have high requirements for internet speed and in-depth performances. Due to the pressure of image decoration in the background, some teachers do not turn on the camera frequently. In terms of interaction time, the time characteristics of synchronous interaction and offline interaction show some similarities in respect of time rigidity, short intervals, clear boundaries, uniform rhythm and single direction. Also, time utilization efficiency is relatively high. In contrast, the time rigidity of asynchronous interaction is weak, the interval is long, the boundary is blurred, the rhythm can be adjusted, and it can be undone and edited. The time efficiency is lower. In terms of interactive space, the dispersion of online teaching space limits the diversity and sufficiency of interaction, but also it can form a safe distance for anonymous protection. In courses with special space requirements, online teaching shows unique advantages or disadvantages. More than half of the teachers believe that the frequency and effect of interpersonal interaction in online teaching are lower than offline teaching. Teacher-student interaction is worse than student-student interaction. Based on analytical results, the research suggests possible actions in future for universities, teachers, and platform developers.
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表 1 问卷调查样本分布
变量名 选项 频数 占比(%) 变量名 选项 频数 占比(%) 院校类型 “双一流”A类 1165 13.2 性别 男 3999 45.2 非“双一流”A类 7566 86.8 女 4851 54.8 职称系列 教学科研 6238 70.5 职称级别 正高级 1419 16 科研为主 392 4.4 副高级 3378 38.2 教学为主 1828 20.7 中级 3506 39.6 其他 392 4.4 初级 547 6.2 学科门类 人文学科 2627 29.7 最高学历 博士 5672 64.1 社会学科 2704 30.6 硕士 2595 29.3 自然学科 1075 12.1 本科 583 6.6 工学 2444 27.6 总计 8850 100 表 2 异步与同步人际互动的差异
同步互动 异步互动 时间刚性 同时性陪伴营造教学氛围 弹性安排时间提升自由度 时间间隔 及时反馈和讨论 延迟和弥散的讨论与反馈 时间边界 清晰的上下课时间 模糊的上下课时间 时间节奏 时间匀速向前流逝、临场发挥 可快进、反刍、撤销、剪辑 时间效率 更高 更低 表 3 不同的在线教学方式课外所需时间差异
描述 ANOVA检验 个案数 平均值 标准差 标准误差 F值 显著性 完全自己录播 1739 4.25 1.30 0.031 58.65 0.000 自己录播+直播 2615 4.15 1.31 0.026 完全直播 2671 3.79 1.44 0.028 使用其他老师的在线课程资源+自己辅导 1612 3.72 1.45 0.04 未使用录播或直播 213 3.59 1.59 0.11 总计 8850 3.97 1.40 0.01 表 4 在线平台对教学需要的满足情况
有效个案 平均值 众数 标准差 方差 教师讲授 8664 4.21 4 0.724 0.525 课后辅导答疑 8453 4.10 4 0.794 0.630 学生发言 8465 3.86 4 0.914 0.835 小组讨论/合作 7562 3.66 4 0.956 0.914 -
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