Valuing Teachers' Working Conditions: Adjusting Personnel Cost by Compensating Wage Differentials of Teaching Staf
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摘要: 在边远艰苦的贫穷地区,生活和工作条件更加艰苦,地区经济地理环境对当地公共事业部门工作人员的职业效用产生了负面影响,需提供经济上的补偿才能弥补这种心理收益的损失,亦即,这些负面环境特征增加了当地同等质量公共服务的劳动力成本。基于特征工资理论关于岗位环境特征具有"消费"效用价值的假设,文章从理论层面讨论了教师工资成本补偿的测算技术及其公共财政意义。根据岗位环境的舒适程度"差异化"测算教师工资成本,在此基础上再进一步考虑各地教育系统教师规模即可核算地区工资成本,这个思路为基础教育财政补偿制度建设和地区津补贴政策评估提供了理论指导和应用技术。Abstract: The paper offers a theoretical framework for approximating geographic cost of teacher index (GCTI) by taking into account of (un) desirabilities of teachers' working conditions. Hedonic price theory serves as the theoretical underpinning for interpreting of earning function in poor and remote neighborhoods. It argues that compensating wage differentials can be estimated and adjusted by numbers of teachers recruited within each geographic region, then aggregated at higher administrative levels. Also, GCTI provides both conceptual framework and empirical strategy for financing education service of comparable quality across different geographic spaces. In addition, the GCTI-weighted formula makes it technically feasible to evaluate current policies targeting at providing equal accesses to quality education for residents dwelling in hard-to-teach areas.1) 基于劳动者个人生产率特征或职业机会成本形成的收入差异是一种“投资型补偿”:一方面,促进个人劳动生产率的人力资本特征,均具有职业投资的性质,这与Smith关于“需要长期的专业积累,前期培训和学习的成本高”需要补偿的说法一致,也是传统的人力资本理论的核心观点;另一方面,选择某职业或岗位意味着放弃同等或类似机会,相对于同等级别或类似从业要求的其他工作机会而言,当前岗位的职业前景或成就人生的概率、加薪晋级的预期等均属于“投资型补偿”。“投资型补偿”经受了全球各经济体中包括教师行业在内的各领域的数据检验且在研究结论上几乎没有异议,作者不予以重点论述。2) 显示性偏好理论由Paul A. Samuelson(1948)建构,其内涵是:在一定价格条件下,消费者的购买行为间接显示了他/她的内在偏好倾向。与此相对应的是“陈述性偏好”(Stated preference)。这种环境经济价值评估的过程通常是先设定某种特定的环境条件,然后询问被访者需要多高的补偿才愿意接受这份工作,主观性的表述性偏好不受各种现实条件的约束,被访者容易“漫天要价”而高估环境的经济(补偿)价值。3) 自上世纪50年代中期起,我国就开始实施边远艰苦地区津补贴制度并在本世纪初进行了多次修订,但地区津补贴总体上没有经过精准测算。尽管“边远艰苦地区津补贴”面向国家机关或事业单位,不是为教师特设的专项补贴,但由于教师所属行业具有“公共事业”的性质,理论上也受到这个政策的影响。4) 本研究仅考虑了物质补偿,实际上,现实中还存在其他形式的补偿,例如,政治资历的积累、隐形福利等,这其实是Rosen(1986)四类环境补偿情形中的“报酬组合”的概念。
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图 3 教师群体的集体工作环境心理偏好
注:此图改编自Rosen, 1986, p.660。
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