西方神经美学的兴起与发展
The Emergence and Development of Neuroaesthetics in Western Countries
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摘要: 作为一门涉及艺术、实验美学和神经科学的新兴交叉学科，神经美学旨在探究人类艺术与审美行为的心理机制及其生物学或神经基础。该学科领域研究从神经科学家通过艺术家及其代表作分析以揭示与大脑机能运作机制相契合的艺术审美原理到更多研究者采用无创性神经影像学技术观测艺术创作与审美心理过程的脑机制而不断取得进展。关于审美具身化与共(移)情的神经机制是神经美学的一个重要研究方向。迄今该学科发展尚未成熟，在理论和方法学上面临着一些挑战性问题需要解决，关于审美加工及美感产生的神经机制尚有诸多疑点待澄清。
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关键词:
- 神经美学 /
- 艺术与审美 /
- 审美加工与体验 /
- 审美具身化与共(移)情 /
- 神经基础
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图 1 Chatterjee (2004)的视觉审美神经基础理论框架图示以及相关神经影像学研究证据。图中缩写词语—V & G: Vartanian and Goel (2004); K & Z: Kawabata and Zeki (2004); C-C等人：Cela-Conde and colleagues (2004) —源自Nadal, et al. (2008)。
表 1 艺术欣赏与审美的三项无创性脑成像研究比较
研究者 Kawabata & Zeki(2004) Cela-Conde等人(2004) Vartanian & Goel(2004) 研究目标 验证被试在感知绘画之美时大脑是否有跨被试一致性的区域激活，或者相反，在认为其不美时大脑是否有特定脑区的激活 被试对审美对象产生视知觉时的激活脑区定位 被试对绘画产生审美偏好的相关神经解剖部位的鉴定 研究技术 事件相关fMRI MEG 事件相关fMRI 被试 5位男性，5位女性 8位女性 2位男性，10位女性 刺激 16×(抽象画，静物画，景物画，肖像画)×(美，中性，丑)(=192) 40×(抽象，古典，印象，后印象派绘画)+160幅照片(=320) (20×(写实，抽象))×(原样，修改版，模糊版)(=120) 实验任务 评判美、中性或丑 评判美或不美 0-4级偏好评定 研究结果 对于美的刺激，内侧眶额皮层(mOFC)、扣带前回、左侧顶叶皮层活动较强；对于丑的刺激，运动皮层的活动较强 对于美的刺激，背外侧前额叶皮层(DLPFC)活动较强 右侧尾状核的活动随偏好度下降而减弱；左侧扣带回和双侧枕叶皮层的活动随偏好度上升而增强 注：源自Nadal, et al. (2008)并有所修改。 
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