内隐-外显态度的关系及其行为预测性

刘俊升; 桑标

内隐-外显态度的关系及其行为预测性

刘俊升¹,
桑标²

1.
上海师范大学教育学院, 上海 200234
2.
华东师范大学心理与认知科学学院, 上海 200062

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 30870776

上海哲学社会科学规划项目 2006BJY003

上海高校选拔培养优秀青年教师专项基金项目 RE707

详细信息

作者简介:
刘俊升（1979-），男，上海师范大学教育学院应用心理学系，副教授

桑标（1966-），男，华东师范大学心理与认知科学学院，教授，博士生导师

Baron，A. S.，&Banaji，M. R.（2006）The development of implicit attitudes：Evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychological Science，17（1）：53-58.
Gosejohann，S.，Scarabis，M. & Florack，A.（2002）. Influences of introspection on the consistency between automatic associations and self-reported attitudes. Poster presented at the general meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology，San Sebastian，Spain.
Wiers，R. W.，Woerden，N. V.，Smulders F. T. Y.，& de Jong，P. T.（2002）. Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology，111，648-658.
Cunningham，W. A.，Preacher，K. J.，& Banaji，M. R.（2001）Implicit attitude measure：Consistency，stability，and convergent，validity. Psychological Science，12：163-170.
Banaji，M.，& Hardin，C.（1996）. Automatic stereotyping. Psychological Science，7，136-141.
Fazio，R. H.，& Olson，M. A.（2003）. Implicit measures in social cognition research：Their meaning and use. Annualeview of Psychology，54，297-327.
Gibb B E，Andover M S，Beach S R H.（2006）. Suicidal Ideation and Attitudes Toward Suicide. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior，36（1）：12 ~ 19.
Cunningham，W. A.，Preacher，K. J.，& Banaji，M. R.（2001）Implicit attitude measure：Consistency，stability，and convergent，validity. Psychological Science，12：163-170.
Lemm K. M.（2000）. Personal and social motivation to respond without prejudice：Implications for implicit and explicit attitudes and behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation，Yale University.
Greenwald A G，Banaji M R.（1995）Implicit social cognition：attitudes，self-esteem，and stereotypes. Psychological Review，102（1）：4-27.
Perugini，M.（2005）. Predictive models of implicit and explicit attitudes. British Journal of Social Psychology，44：29－ 45.
Hugenberg，K.，& Bodenhausen，G. V.（2004）. Ambiguity in social categorization：The role of prejudice and facial affect in race categorization. Psychological Science，15，342-345.
Hofmann，W.，Gawronski，B.，Gschwendner，T.，Le，H.，& Schmitt，M（2005）. A Meta-Analysis on the Correlation Between the Implicit Association Test and Explicit Self-Report Measures，Personality and Social psychology Bulletin，31：1369－ 1385.
Hofmann，W.，Gschwendner，T.，& Schmitt，M.（2005）. On implicit-explicit consistency：The moderating role of individual differences in introspection and adjustment. European Journal of Personality，19，25-49.
Dovidio，J. F.，Gaertner，S. L.，Kawakami，K.，& Hodson，G.（2002）. Why can't we just get along? Interpersonal biases and interracial distrust. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology，8，88-102.
Dasgupta，N.，& Greenwald，A. G.（2001）On the malleability of automatic attitudes：Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，81：800-814.
Banse，R.，Seise，J.，& Zerbes，N.（2001）Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality：Reliability，validity，and controllability of the IAT. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie，48，145-160.
Kawakami，K.，& Dovidio，J.（2001）The reliability of implicit stereotyping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，27：212-225.
Nosek，B. A.，Banaji，M. R.，& Greenwald，A. G.（2002）. Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration website. Group Dynamics，6：101-115.
Karpinski，A.（2001）. The relationship between attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. Unpublished doctoral dissertation，University of Michigan.
Florack，A.，Scarabis，M.，& Bless，H.（2001）. The impact of perceived threat on the use of automatic associations in person judgments. Zeitschrift fuer Sozialpsychologie，32，249-259.
Maison，D.，Greenwald，A. G.，& Bruin，R. H.（2004）. Predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test in studies of brands，consumer attitudes and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology，14，405-415.
Neumann，R.，Hülsenbeck，K.，& Seibt，B.（2004）. Attitudes towards people with AIDS and avoidance behavior：Automatic and reflective bases of behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology，40，543-550.
Phelps，E. A.，O'Connor，K. J.，Cunningham，W. A.，Funayama，E. S.，Gatenby，J. C.，Gore，J. C.，& Banaji，M.R.（2000）. Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience，12，729-738.
Rudman，L. A.，Ashmore，R. D.，& Gary，M. L.（2001）" Unlearning" automatic biases：The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology，81：856 -868.
Egloff，B.，& Schmukle，S. C.（2002）. Predictive validity of an implicit association test for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，83，1441-1455.
McGraw，K. M. & Mulligan，K.（2003）. Implicit political attitudes：Measurement and consequences for political judgment. Unpublished manuscript，The Ohio State University.
李梦丽.中小学生数学内隐态度的发展研究，天津师范大学2007届硕士论文.
Karpinski，A.，& Hilton，J.，L.（2001）. Attitudes and the association task. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology，81，774-788.
Brunel，F. F.，Collins，C. M.，Greenwald，A. G. & Tietje，B. C.（1999）. Making the public private，accessing the inaccessible：Marketing applications of the Implicit Association Test. Polish Psychological Bulletin，32，1-9.
Nosek，B. A.，Banaji，M. R.，& Greenwald，A. G.（2002）. Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demon-stration website. Group Dynamics，6，101-115.
Fazio，R. H.，Jackson，J. R.，Dunton，B. C.，& Williams，C. J.（1995）. Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial evaluations. A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，69，1013 -1027.
Hummert M L，Garstka T A，Greenwald A G，Mellott D S.（2002）Using the Implicit Association Test to Measure Age Differences in Implicit Social Cognitions. Psychology and Aging，17（3）：482-495.
Nosek，B. A.，& Hansen，J.（2004）. The associations in our heads belong to us：Measuring the multifaceted attitude construct in implicit social cognition. Unpublished manuscript，University of Virginia.
Nosek，B. A.，Banaji，M. R.，& Greenwald，A. G.（2002）. Math = male，me = female，therefore math ≠ me. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，83，44-59.
Ashburn-Nardo，L.，Knowles，M. L.，& Monteith，M. J.（2003）. Black Americans’ implicit racial associations and their implications for intergroup judgment. Social Cognition，21，61-87.
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出版历程
- 刊出日期: 2010-06-30

摘要

摘要: 心理学长久以来试图寻找态度与行为之间的对应关系, 然而研究结果却未提供太多支持性的证据, 其原因之一在于对态度结构的复杂性缺乏清晰的认识。内隐社会认知研究的兴起使我们认识到态度既包含意识的成份, 也包含无意识的成分, 即所谓内隐态度和外显态度的区分。本文在综合国内外大量文献的基础上, 着重探讨了内隐态度与外显态度之间的关系, 以及二者对于个体行为的预测情况。在此基础上对已有的研究成果进行了梳理, 并对未来的研究进行了展望。
- 内隐态度 /
- 外显态度 /
- 关系 /
- 行为预测性
注释:

1) Baron，A. S.，&Banaji，M. R.（2006）The development of implicit attitudes：Evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychological Science，17（1）：53-58.

2) Gosejohann，S.，Scarabis，M. & Florack，A.（2002）. Influences of introspection on the consistency between automatic associations and self-reported attitudes. Poster presented at the general meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology，San Sebastian，Spain.

3) Wiers，R. W.，Woerden，N. V.，Smulders F. T. Y.，& de Jong，P. T.（2002）. Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology，111，648-658.

4) Cunningham，W. A.，Preacher，K. J.，& Banaji，M. R.（2001）Implicit attitude measure：Consistency，stability，and convergent，validity. Psychological Science，12：163-170.

5) Banaji，M.，& Hardin，C.（1996）. Automatic stereotyping. Psychological Science，7，136-141.

6) Fazio，R. H.，& Olson，M. A.（2003）. Implicit measures in social cognition research：Their meaning and use. Annualeview of Psychology，54，297-327.

7) Gibb B E，Andover M S，Beach S R H.（2006）. Suicidal Ideation and Attitudes Toward Suicide. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior，36（1）：12 ~ 19.

8) Cunningham，W. A.，Preacher，K. J.，& Banaji，M. R.（2001）Implicit attitude measure：Consistency，stability，and convergent，validity. Psychological Science，12：163-170.

9) Lemm K. M.（2000）. Personal and social motivation to respond without prejudice：Implications for implicit and explicit attitudes and behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation，Yale University.

10) Greenwald A G，Banaji M R.（1995）Implicit social cognition：attitudes，self-esteem，and stereotypes. Psychological Review，102（1）：4-27.

11) Perugini，M.（2005）. Predictive models of implicit and explicit attitudes. British Journal of Social Psychology，44：29－ 45.

12) Hugenberg，K.，& Bodenhausen，G. V.（2004）. Ambiguity in social categorization：The role of prejudice and facial affect in race categorization. Psychological Science，15，342-345.

13) Hofmann，W.，Gawronski，B.，Gschwendner，T.，Le，H.，& Schmitt，M（2005）. A Meta-Analysis on the Correlation Between the Implicit Association Test and Explicit Self-Report Measures，Personality and Social psychology Bulletin，31：1369－ 1385.

14) Hofmann，W.，Gschwendner，T.，& Schmitt，M.（2005）. On implicit-explicit consistency：The moderating role of individual differences in introspection and adjustment. European Journal of Personality，19，25-49.

15) Dovidio，J. F.，Gaertner，S. L.，Kawakami，K.，& Hodson，G.（2002）. Why can't we just get along? Interpersonal biases and interracial distrust. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology，8，88-102.

16) Dasgupta，N.，& Greenwald，A. G.（2001）On the malleability of automatic attitudes：Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，81：800-814.

17) Banse，R.，Seise，J.，& Zerbes，N.（2001）Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality：Reliability，validity，and controllability of the IAT. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie，48，145-160.

18) Kawakami，K.，& Dovidio，J.（2001）The reliability of implicit stereotyping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，27：212-225.

19) Nosek，B. A.，Banaji，M. R.，& Greenwald，A. G.（2002）. Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration website. Group Dynamics，6：101-115.

20) Karpinski，A.（2001）. The relationship between attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. Unpublished doctoral dissertation，University of Michigan.

21) Florack，A.，Scarabis，M.，& Bless，H.（2001）. The impact of perceived threat on the use of automatic associations in person judgments. Zeitschrift fuer Sozialpsychologie，32，249-259.

22) Maison，D.，Greenwald，A. G.，& Bruin，R. H.（2004）. Predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test in studies of brands，consumer attitudes and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology，14，405-415.

23) Neumann，R.，Hülsenbeck，K.，& Seibt，B.（2004）. Attitudes towards people with AIDS and avoidance behavior：Automatic and reflective bases of behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology，40，543-550.

24) Phelps，E. A.，O'Connor，K. J.，Cunningham，W. A.，Funayama，E. S.，Gatenby，J. C.，Gore，J. C.，& Banaji，M.R.（2000）. Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience，12，729-738.

25) Rudman，L. A.，Ashmore，R. D.，& Gary，M. L.（2001）" Unlearning" automatic biases：The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology，81：856 -868.

26) Egloff，B.，& Schmukle，S. C.（2002）. Predictive validity of an implicit association test for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，83，1441-1455.

27) McGraw，K. M. & Mulligan，K.（2003）. Implicit political attitudes：Measurement and consequences for political judgment. Unpublished manuscript，The Ohio State University.

28) 李梦丽.中小学生数学内隐态度的发展研究，天津师范大学2007届硕士论文.

29) Karpinski，A.，& Hilton，J.，L.（2001）. Attitudes and the association task. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology，81，774-788.

30) Brunel，F. F.，Collins，C. M.，Greenwald，A. G. & Tietje，B. C.（1999）. Making the public private，accessing the inaccessible：Marketing applications of the Implicit Association Test. Polish Psychological Bulletin，32，1-9.

31) Nosek，B. A.，Banaji，M. R.，& Greenwald，A. G.（2002）. Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demon-stration website. Group Dynamics，6，101-115.

32) Fazio，R. H.，Jackson，J. R.，Dunton，B. C.，& Williams，C. J.（1995）. Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial evaluations. A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，69，1013 -1027.

33) Hummert M L，Garstka T A，Greenwald A G，Mellott D S.（2002）Using the Implicit Association Test to Measure Age Differences in Implicit Social Cognitions. Psychology and Aging，17（3）：482-495.

34) Nosek，B. A.，& Hansen，J.（2004）. The associations in our heads belong to us：Measuring the multifaceted attitude construct in implicit social cognition. Unpublished manuscript，University of Virginia.

35) Nosek，B. A.，Banaji，M. R.，& Greenwald，A. G.（2002）. Math = male，me = female，therefore math ≠ me. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，83，44-59.

36) Ashburn-Nardo，L.，Knowles，M. L.，& Monteith，M. J.（2003）. Black Americans’ implicit racial associations and their implications for intergroup judgment. Social Cognition，21，61-87.