跨文化心理现象的词源学考证：以欺负现象为例
The Etymological Analysis on a Cross-cultural Psychological Phenomenon: Qifu
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摘要: 国内欺负研究直接借鉴了西方“bullying”的内涵界定、理论假说以及测评工具，却并未考证汉语语境中欺负现象的本质内涵、界定性特征，以及与“bullying”存在的异同。通过梳理考证欺负现象在汉语文化中的产生、演变过程及其表现方式，结果发现：1.欺负现象早在2600年前开始由“侮”字来表达，此后逐渐被“欺”字所取代。2.欺负现象的内涵高度稳定，它是一种强者故意伤害弱者的行为，且通常会给弱者带来痛苦。3.欺负的界定性特征有三：故意性、力量不均衡性、伤害性，其中力量不均衡性是其区别于一般攻击的核心特征。研究表明，欺负现象有别于西方的“bullying”现象，且词源学研究应该是心理学领域开拓新研究主题的首要工作。Abstract: This paper aims at investigating the definition and characteristics of qifu in Chinese from the etymological perspective. It examines the origin, history, and changes of qifu and its synonyms. The phenomenon of qifu expressed in Chinese literary works can be traced back to Shi·Binfeng·Chixiao, which appeared 2600 years ago. Over the long history, although different Chinese words were used to describe the qifu phenomenon, their implication was not much different. Qifu is that the strong harms the weak intentionally. The distinct feature of qifu is the imbalance of power between perpetrators and victims, while repetition is not a necessary characteristic. Qifu phenomenon in Chinese circumstance was different from bullying in English. In China, etymological research was very few in psychological fields, but it can improve understanding of some results of western researches, and advance the local and cross-cultural studies.
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Key words:
- wu /
- qifu /
- imbalance of power /
- etymology /
- localization
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表 1 “欺”、“负”在书写形式上的变化过程
甲骨文与金文
(BC14-BC11世纪)金文大篆
(BC11世纪-BC219年)小篆
(BC219-AD8年左右)繁体隶书
(BC221年至今)简体
(1956年至今)欺 待考 
欺 欺 负 待考 
负 备注 盛行于商朝 盛行于西周至战国 盛行于秦与西汉 秦汉时期开始盛行 现代官方形式 注：BC=公元前，AD=公元，以下同。 
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