A Factor Analysis of the Mental Health of Children Left Behind: Perspective of Sense of Security
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摘要: 采用《中国中学生心理健康量表》、《留守儿童安全感量表》和《生活事件量表》对2219名农村留守儿童进行调查，结果发现: (1)留守儿童的心理健康状况普遍堪忧，不同安全感水平下心理健康差异显著; (2)生活事件、安全感与心理健康呈显著相关; (3)安全感在生活事件影响心理健康的过程中发挥了显著的调节作用; (4)安全感在生活事件与心理健康之间发挥部分中介作用; (5)留守处境是影响心理健康的重要原因，安全感在留守处境与心理健康之间发挥了完全中介作用。Abstract: Using MMHI-60, SSSCLB and ALSEC, this article presents a survey of 2, 219 rural children left behind.The results suggest that:(a) in general, the mental health of children left behind is worrying, with significant variation among different levels of sense of security; (b) life events are in positive correlation to mental health, andsense of security is significantly negative to mental health; (c) sense of security plays a significant regulatory role in life events and mental health; (d) life events can directly predict mental health, with sense of security playing partial mediating effect on mental health in life events; (e) the left-behind situation is an important factor affecting the mental health, while sense of security plays a complete intermediary role between the left-behind situation and mental health of children left behind in China.
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Key words:
- children left behind /
- mental health /
- sense of security /
- life events /
- left-behind situation
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图 4 安全感在生活事件、留守处境与心理健康之间的中介效应结构方程初始模型
注: MH1强迫，MH2偏执，MH3敌对，MH4人际敏感，MH5抑郁，MH6焦虑，MH7学习压力感，MH8适应不良，MH9情绪不稳定，MH10心理不平衡; SS1人际自信，SS2安危感知，SS3应激掌控，SS4自我接纳，SS5生人无畏; LEI人际关系，LE2学习压力，LE3受惩罚，L4丧失，LE5健康适应，LE6其他应激; LB1家庭经济状况，LB2是否贫困生，LB3父亲文化程度，LB4母亲文化程度，LB5亲子每月通话次数，LB6父母每年回家次数(下同)
表 1 样本分布(n = 2219)
人口学变量 类别 人数（比例） 缺失值(比例） 人口学变量 类别 人数（比例） 缺失值(比例） 父亲文化程度 小学及以下 561 (25.3) 95(4.3) 每月亲子沟通次数 5次以下 1019(49.1) 117(3.2) 初中 1105 (49.8) 6 -15次 773(34.8) 高中及以上 458 (20.6) 16次以上 320(14.4) 母亲文化程度 小学及以下 743 (33.5) 102(4.6) 父母每年回家次数 5次以下 1858 (83.7) 38(1.7) 初中 986(44.4) 6 -10次 167(7.5) 高中及以上 388 (17.5) 11次以上 156(7.0) 
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表 2 留守儿童心理健康状况及不同安全感水平的比较
维度 M ± SD
(n =2219)常模
(n =2446)t ≥3检出率
(%)安全感高低分组比较 低(n =593) 中(n = 1033) 高(n =593) F 强迫 2.22±0.67 1.89 ±0.61 23.257** 15.41 2.56 ±0.66 2.25 ±0.61 1.82±0.55 220.099** 偏执 2.00±0.73 1.76 ±0.68 15.676** 11.63 2.43 ±0.77 2.01 ±0.67 1.57 ±0.53 249.588** 敌对 1.91 ±0.77 1.72±0.75 11.576 ** 12.12 2.24 ±0.83 1.92 ±0.73 1.55 ±0.60 138.724** 人际敏感 2.13 ±0.77 1.85 ±0.73 17.259 ** 16.63 2.65 ±0.78 2.12 ±0.67 1.63 ±0.54 344.411** 抑郁 1.97±0.78 1.92 ±0.78 3.241** 13.25 2.43 ±0.85 1.97 ±0.69 1.53 ±0.56 240.232** 焦虑 2.10±0.82 1.81 ±0.75 16.789 ** 17.26 2.59 ±0.86 2.11 ±0.73 1.61 ±0.62 262.535 ** 学习压力感 2.11 ±0.86 1.92 ±0.67 10.647 ** 17.98 2.40 ±0.86 2.13 ±0.83 1.79 ±0.75 84.533** 适应不良 1.89 ±0.70 1.92 ±0.62 -2.213* 9. 01 2.13 ±0.74 1.92 ±0.70 1.58 ±0.55 102.985 ** 情绪不稳定 2.20±0.76 1.98 ±0.70 13.536 ** 18.57 2.53 ±0.77 2.24 ±0.72 1.79 ±0.65 164.716** 心理不平衡 1.78 ±0.68 1.95 ±0.65 -11.411 * 7. 35 2.11 ±0.77 1.80±0.64 1.43 ±0.45 173.888** 心理健康均分 2.03 ±0.61 1.88 ±0.57 11.781 ** 7.79 2.41 ±0.62 2.05 ±0.54 1.63 ±0.44 312.204** 注:*p < 0.05,**p < 0.01(下同)
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表 3 留守儿童生活事件、安全感与心理健康的相关(r)
维度 强迫 偏执 敌对 人际敏感 抑郁 焦虑 学习压力感 适应不良 情绪不稳定 心理不平衡 心理健康 人际关系 0.412** 0.471** 0.436** 0.517** 0.489** 0.481** 0.426** 0.459** 0.471** 0.429** 0.569** 学习压力 0.404** 0.421** 0.394** 0.456** 0.473** 0.483** 0.522** 0.477** 0.458** 0.458** 0.565** 受惩罚 0.361** 0.385** 0.357** 0.424** 0.407** 0.407** 0.375** 0.371** 0.390** 0.402** 0.480** 丧失 0.329** 0.316** 0.299** 0.357** 0.348** 0.365** 0.301** 0.298** 0.318** 0.352** 0.406** 健康适应 0.325** 0.323** 0.298** 0.329** 0.349** 0.368** 0.288** 0.326** 0.315** 0.320** 0.401** 其他应激 0.302** 0.304** 0.271** 0.334** 0.344** 0.334** 0.259** 0.289** 0.297** 0.329** 0.379** 生活事件 0.427** 0.448** 0.415** 0.489** 0.485** 0.491** 0.446** 0.451** 0.456** 0.461** 0.566** 人际自信 -0.442** -0.537** -0.448** -0.615** -0.560** -0.550** -0.375** -0.417** -0.490** -0.452** -0.605** 安危感知 -0.320** -0.326** -0.248** -0.355** -0.313** -0.336** -0.185** -0.211** -0.284** -0.259** -0.350** 应激掌控 -0.300** -0.248** -0.159** -0.273** -0.219** -0.252** -0.115** -0.131** -0.176** -0.200** -0.255** 自我接纳 -0.402** -0.424** -0.363** -0.500** -0.478** -0.440** -0.353** -0.326** -0.384** -0.408** -0.505** 生人无畏 -0.238** -0.224** -0.178** -0.269** -0.206** -0.249** -0.113** -0.137** -0.180** -0.200** -0.246** 安全感 -0.459** -0.473** -0.376** -0.542** -0.479** -0.491** -0.309** -0.329** -0.408** -0.410** -0.529**
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表 4 留守儿童安全感对生活事件和心理健康作用的调节效应
步骤 自变量 β t R2 △R2 △ F 1 生活事件 0. 388 19.783** 0. 334 0. 255 672.738 ** 安全感 -0.370 -19.231** 0.451 0.117 376.433 ** 2 生活事件×安全感 -0.059 -3.282* 0. 454 0. 003 10.769** 注:以上为控制了人口学变量效应后的结果
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表 5 留守处境变量赋值表
变量 赋值 家庭经济状况 较差=1，一般=2, 较好=3 是否贫困生 是=1, 否=2 父亲文化程度 小学及以下=1, 初中=2, 高中及以上=3 母亲文化程度 小学及以下=1, 初中=2, 高中及以上=3 亲子间每月沟通次数 0 -5次=1, -15次=2, 6次以上=3 父母每年回家次数 0-5次=1, 6-10次=2, 11次以上=3
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表 6 安全感的中介作用结构方程模型的拟合指标
模型 χ2 df χ2/ df RMSEA GFI AGFI NFI CFI IFI 初始模型 1930.819 318 6.072 0.068 0. 875 0.851 0. 883 0. 900 0. 900 修正模型 1268.519 313 4.053 0.052 0.918 0.901 0. 922 0. 940 0. 940 验证模型 1310.166 313 4.186 0.054 0.913 0. 895 0.921 0. 939 0. 939
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