Education of International Students in China: Origin, Process and Significance
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摘要: 接收外国留学生来华学习是新中国留学教育事业的重要组成部分,对于加深中国和外部世界的相互了解和沟通,具有重要的意义。建国初期,新中国政府实行的“一边倒”外交战略,使得中国的对外交往局限于苏联和东欧社会主义国家。相对于中国和苏联之间的教育交流活动而言,中国和东欧国家教育文化交流动议更早,双边教育文化交流制度和配套措施的制定也在1950年底前相继完成,这些都为东欧留学生来华留学奠定了良好的基础。由于中外文化差异和对留学的理解不尽一致,这些外国留学生在最初的学习过程中表现出了强烈的不适应,主要体现在来华时间不统一导致教学缺乏计划性,留学生学习过程中急功近利、好高骛远,对中国政府安排的政治思想课程抵触情绪较大,中外双方对留学经历缺乏共识等,经过中外双方的沟通这些问题最终得以解决。通过对外国留学生的多渠道、多角度的施教,特别是通过导师一对一指导,助教一对一辅导,同学一对一帮助等方式,留学生在最短的时间攻克了语言难关,得以进入高等院校选学课程。与此同时,接受外国留学生来华留学,也为对外汉语教学提出了新的任务和要求,对新中国对外汉语教学的建立和发展,起到了基础性和开创性作用。Abstract: Education of International Students in China is an important part of the education in new China, which has helped deepen mutual understanding and communication between China and the outside world. Today, great achievements have been made in the education of international students studying in China, which dates from the early 1950s, when China first received foreign students studying in China. However, previous studies on this issue are far from the needs of practice and no formal academic paper was published on this process. Based on historical and document analysis, this article examines the origin, process and significance of the education of foreign students in China in the 1950s. It is divided into three parts. The first part discusses the practical considerations and preparations to receive foreign students. In the early years since the founding of new China, the then central government launched the "one-sided" diplomatic strategy, and the diplomatic relations were limited to the Soviet Union and some socialist countries of Eastern Europe. Before its educational exchanges with the Soviet Union, China had established educational and cultural exchanges with Eastern European countries. And by the end of 1950, bilateral educational and cultural exchange system and the supporting measures had been created, which laid a good foundation for Eastern European students studying in China. The second part focuses on the study and daily life of foreign students. Due to the differences both in culture and understanding of studying in China, the foreign students were not accustomed to their study when they first arrived. For example, they came to study in China at different time, so their study lacked a unified teaching plan. In addition, some students were eager for quick success and they were not satisfied with the political and moral lessons arranged by the Chinese government, though these disagreements were finally settled through negotiation. The third part deals with the ways of teaching the foreign students through multiple channels and approaches, in particular through one-to-one guidance by instructors, one-on-one coaching by student assistants and one-on-one help by peers. These measures helped the foreign students overcome their language barriers in the shortest time before they were able to enter the selected courses in colleges and universities. To sum up, the education of international students in China in the 1950s had great implication for the development of a new system of studying abroad in China. Meanwhile, receiving foreign students studying in China also puts forward new tasks and requirements for teaching Chinese as a foreign language.
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