Aesthetic Experience of Music Appreciation Teaching and Empirical Evidences for the Functions
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摘要: 以审美为核心的音乐欣赏教学，是培养学生美感体验的重要途径。音乐以优美、壮美、悲剧、喜剧多种形式呈现，给人带来快感、触动、颤栗等体验。对多种形式音乐美感的体验，可滋养人的情感能力和强化人格优势，进而塑造人格；诸多脑研究证明音乐欣赏和乐器训练还能促进大脑发育与认知发展；不仅如此，从审美的神经机制和生理反应来看，音乐欣赏中的美感体验还具有临床上的放松与干预功能。音乐美感体验的诸多重要功能启示我们未来在音乐欣赏教学中应注重音乐情绪的感受和体验，才能真正扣人心弦，温润人的心灵。Abstract: Aesthetic education is one of the major issues in educational reform.Affective experience is an important means of music education. Aesthetic-focused music appreciation teaching is the key to the development of students' aesthetic experience. In view of the connotation of aesthetic education, in this paper we first described the characteristics and the forms of various music aesthetic experience, and identified four types of aesthetic experience of different music styles. Next, we provided empirical evidence to confirm the influence of musical aesthetic experience on personality, music appreciation and cognitive development. Then we dealt with the relaxing and adjusting functions of the musical aesthetic experience. Finally, based on these functions, we put forward several suggestions for the musical aesthetic education. It's hoped that music education focusing on aesthetics can offer new thinking and methods for music appreciation teaching.
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图 1 Konečni对音乐的外在情绪、情绪和非情绪反应及这些反应广泛性的构想(面积为广泛性的象征)(Konecni, 2005)
图 2 大脑激活对应的所有情绪的唤醒-效价。由唤醒和效价两个因素定义的四个象限的情绪主效应显著，P≤0.05。
注：柔和、怀旧的音乐(第一象限)激活右海马，右腹侧纹状体，眶额皮层；欣快、充满力量的音乐(第二象限)激活脑岛，双侧颞上回，左腹侧纹状体；紧迫感音乐(第三象限)激活小脑，双侧颞上回，前运动皮层，右尾状核和楔前叶；悲伤的音乐(第四象限)激活右海马旁区，膝下前扣带回皮层(Wiebke，2011)。
图 4 标准的大脑表面解剖图像的统计参数显示，在让9-11岁儿童识别节奏和旋律的任务中，训练组旋律敏感脑区的激活程度要显著高于没有经过器乐培训的那组。RD表示旋律识别，MD表示节奏识别(Schlaug等，2005)。
图 5 标准的大脑解剖图像上的统计参数显示，在一个识别旋律的任务中，专业音乐家旋律辨认时，脑区的激活程度要显著高于相同数量的非音乐家(Schlaug等，2005)。
表 1 不同音乐片段审美风格划分的描述分析(n=45)
音乐名称 雨的印记
(大调慢速)降B小调第一钢琴协奏曲
(大调中速)流浪者之歌
(小调慢速)加伏特舞曲
(小调快速)比例最高的审美范畴% 优美93.3% 壮美84.5% 悲剧73.3% 喜剧86.7% 众数 舒缓的31.1% 铿锵的53.3% 悲怆的24.4% 快乐的37.8% 中数 舒缓的 铿锵的 悲痛的 愉悦的 次数 舒缓的(31.1%) 铿锵的(53.3%) 沧桑的(15.6%) 快乐的(37.8%) 宁静的(26.7%) 高亢的(24.4%) 悲痛的(22.2%) 愉悦的(31.1%) 美妙的(13.3%) 豪放的(6.7%) 忧伤的(11.1%) 幽默的(17.8%) 优雅的(11.1%) 悲怆的(24.4%) 空灵的(6.7%) 流畅的(4.4%) 
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表 2 不同音乐类型刺激下心率(HR)和皮肤电(GSR)的变化(n=45)
HR(心率) GSR(皮肤电) 音乐类型 基础值
(次/min)反应值
(次/min)基础值
(uv)反应值
(uv)p 小调快速(喜剧风格) 78.48±18.01 74.67±14.78 1.36±7.84 -16.02±50.95 HR p < 0.001，GSRp < 0.05 小调慢速(悲剧风格) 78.70±17.86 76.75±21.16 1.02±7.58 -1.34±12.65 HR p=0.06 > 0.05, GSR p > 0.05 大调慢速(优美风格) 78.48±18.01 77.89±16.61 1.36±7.84 -2.23±14.94 HR p=0.065, GSR p > 0.05 大调快速(壮美风格) 76.51±12.29 74.57±12.76 0.98±7.51 -3.59±23.54 HR p < 0.05，GSR p > 0.05
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