A Calling-based Counterfactual Self:Concept, Formation and Impact

TIAN Xizhou

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2015.03.009

Volume 33 Issue 3

Dec. 2015

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Journal of East China Normal University (Educational Sciences) > 2015 > 33(3): 62-70

TIAN Xizhou. A Calling-based Counterfactual Self:Concept, Formation and Impact[J]. Journal of East China Normal University (Educational Sciences), 2015, 33(3): 62-70. doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2015.03.009

Citation:

TIAN Xizhou. A Calling-based Counterfactual Self:Concept, Formation and Impact[J]. Journal of East China Normal University (Educational Sciences), 2015, 33(3): 62-70. doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2015.03.009

Citation:

PDF( 0 KB)

A Calling-based Counterfactual Self:Concept, Formation and Impact

doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2015.03.009

TIAN Xizhou

Management School, Chongqing Technological&Business University, Chongqing 400067, China

Publish Date: 2015-09-20

Abstract

Abstract

Calling is an individual identity and a strong inner desire for the pursuit of one's goals. A-chieving a calling allows an individual to experience the meaning of one's work, mission and a true self. However, not all callings can be achieved, and what is the impact of the calling which you could have chosen but had to give up on your self-concept, career and life? Based on the counterfactual thinking, self-concept and calling-related researches, this paper argues that: (a) counterfactual self based on calling(CSC) is a new construct paralleling actual self; (b) CSC has contributed much to theoretical research of calling and counter-factual thinking; (c) CSC can have direct impact on individual'emotion, cognition, motivation and behavior.
- CSC,
- counterfactual Self,
- counterfactual thinking,
- career regret

FullText(HTML)

References(56)

References

[1]	田喜洲, 谢晋宇, 吴孔珍. (2012).倾听内心的声音:职业生涯中的呼唤研究进展探析.外国经济与管理, 34(1): 27-35. http://www.cqvip.com/QK/95234X/201201/40504735.html
[2]	Arthur, M. B., & Rousseau, D. M. (1996). The boundaryless career: A new employment principle f or a new organizational era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[3]	Arthur, M. B., Claman, P. H., & DeFillippi, R. J. (1995). Intelligent enterprise, intelligent careers. Academy of Management Executive, 9(4):7-20.
[4]	Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (1999). How can you do it: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, 24(1): 413-434. https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/how-can-you-do-it-dirty-work-and-the-challenge-of-constructing-a-
[5]	Axtell, C. M., & Parker, S. K. (2003). Promoting role breadth self-efficacy through involvement, work redesign and training. Human Rela-tions, 56(4): 112-131. doi: 10.1177/0018726703056001452
[6]	Baumeister, R. F. (1997). The self and society: changes, problems, and opportunities. In R. D. Ashmore & L. Jussim (Eds.), Selfand Iden-tity. Fundamental Issues (191-217), NewYork: Oxford University Press.
[7]	Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (1986). Habits of the Heart. New York: Harper & Row.
[8]	Berg, J. M., Grant, A. M., & Johnson, V. (2010). Your callings are calling: Crafting work and leisure in pursuit of unanswered occupational callings. Organization Science, 21:973-994. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1090.0497
[9]	Biernat, M. (2005). Standards and expectancies: Contrast and assimilation in judgements of selfand others. New York: Routledge.
[10]	Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1994). Situational coping and coping dispositions in a stressful transaction. Journal Personality and Social Psychology, 66(6):184-95. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles_Carver/publication/15071901_Situational_Coping_and_Coping_Dispositions_in_a_Stressful_Transaction/links/5666e0ff08aea62726ed55a1.pdf
[11]	Dobrow, S. R. & Tosti-Kharas, J. (2010). " Calling a 'calling' a calling: The development of a scale measure. Personnel Psychology, 23(2): 23-45
[12]	Edwards, J. R., Cable, D. M., & Williamson, I. O. (2006). The phenomenology of fit: Linking the person and environment to the subjective experience of person-environment fit. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4): 802-827. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.802
[13]	Feng, X., Gu, R., Liang, F., Brosterd, L. S. (2015). Depressive states amplify both upward and downward counterfactual thinking. Interna-tional Journal of Psychophysiology, 97(2): 93-98. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.016
[14]	Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000). Counterfactuals as behavioral primes: Priming the simulation heuristic and consideration of alter-natives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36(3) : 384-409. http://www.academia.edu/11870090/Counterfactuals_as_behavioral_primes_Priming_the_simulation_heuristic_and_
[15]	Galinsky, A. D., Seiden, V., Kim, P. H., & Medvec, V. H. (2002). The dissatisfaction of having your first offer accepted: The role of counterfactual thinking in negotiations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28: 271-283. doi: 10.1177/0146167202282012
[16]	Gergen, K. (2001). Feminist reconstructions in psychology: Narrative, gender, andperf ormance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
[17]	Gilovich, T., & Medvec, V. H. (1995). The experience of regret: What, when, and why. Psychological Review, 102(4) : 379-395. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15459284_The_Experience_of_Regret_What_When_and_Why
[18]	Girotto, A., Legrenzi, K., & Rizzo, M. (1991). Event controllability in counterfactual thinking. Acta Psychologica, 78(6) : 111-133. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000169189190007M
[19]	Greil, A. L., & Rudy, D. R. (1983). Conversion to the world view of Alcoholics Anonymous: A refinement of conversion theory. Qualitative Sociology, 6(1) : 5-28. doi: 10.1007/BF00987195
[20]	Hall, D. T., & Mirvis, P. H. (1995). The new career contract: Developing the whole person at midlife and beyond. Journal ofVocational Be-havior, 47(5) : 269-289. https://ar.scribd.com/document/344238316/Contract-various-pdf
[21]	Higgins, E. T. (1996). The " self-digest": self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2) : 1062-1083 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14229340_The_Self_Digest_Self-Knowledge_Serving_Self-Regulatory_Functions
[22]	Hesslow, G. (2002) Conscious thought as simulation of behavior and perception. Trends Cognitive Science, 23(6) : 242-247 https://philpapers.org/rec/HESCTA
[23]	Holland, J. L. (1996). Exploring careers with a typology: What we have learned and some new directions. American Psychologist, 51(4) : 397-406. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.51.4.397
[24]	Jacobs, J. A. (1989). Long-term trends in the occupational segregation by sex. American Journal of Sociology, 95(2) : 160-173.
[25]	Johansson, U. (1996). Changing their selves: A story about the construction of the responsible worker. Working paper, Lund University, Swe-den.
[26]	Keyes, C. L. M, Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personali-ty and Social Psychology, 82, 1001-1022. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/citations?doi=10.1.1.371.9869
[27]	King, L. A. & Pennebaker, J. W. (1998). What' s so great about feeling good? Psychological Inquiry, 9(2) : 53-56. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli0901_8
[28]	Kray, L. J., George, L. G., Liljenquist, A., Galinsky, A. D., Tetlock, E., & Roese, N. J. (2010). From what might have been to what must have been: Counterfactual thinking creates meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(1) : 106-118. doi: 10.1037/a0017905
[29]	Kreiner, G. E., Hollensbe, E. C., & Sheep, M. L. (2006). Where is the " me" among the " we"? Identity work and the search for optimal bal-ance. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3) : 1031-1057. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276054120_Where_Is_the_Me_Among_the_We_Identity_Work_and_the_Search_for_Optimal_Balance
[30]	Landman, J., Vandewater, A. A., Stewart, A. J., & Malley, J. E. (1995). Missed opportunities: psychological ramifications of counterfactu-al thought in midlife women. Journal of Adult Development, 23(2) : 87-97. doi: 10.1007/BF02251257
[31]	Markman, K. D., Gavanski, I., Sherman, S. J., & McMullen, M. N. (1995). The impact of perceived control on the imagination of better and worse possible worlds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(6) : 588-595. doi: 10.1177/0146167295216005
[32]	McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5: 100-122. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.100
[33]	McLean, K. C., Pasupathi, M., & Pals, J. L. (2007). Selves creating stories creating selves: Aprocess model of self-development. Personal-ity and Social Psychology Review, 11(3) : 262-278. doi: 10.1177/1088868307301034
[34]	Obodaru, O. (2012). The self not taken: How alternative selves develop and how they influence our professional lives, Academy of Management Review, 37(6) : 433-454 http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/69705757/self-not-taken-how-alternative-selves-develop-how-they-influence-our-professional-lives
[35]	Pasupathi, M., & Mansour, E. (2006). Adult age differences in autobiographical reasoning in narratives. Developmental Psychology, 42: 798-808. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.798
[36]	Pillemer, D. B. (2001). Momentous events and the life story. Review of General Psychology, 5(2) : 123-134. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.123
[37]	Pratt, M. G., Rockmann, K. W., & Kaufmann, J. B. (2006). Constructing professional identity: The role of work and identity learning cycles in the customization of identity among medical residents. Academy of Management Journal, 49(2) : 235-262. doi: 10.5465/AMJ.2006.20786060
[38]	Roberts, L. M, Dutton, J., Spreitzer, G., Heaphy, E., Quinn, R. (2005). Composing the reflected best-self portrait: building pathways for becoming extraordinary in work organizations. Academy of Management Review, 30(4) : 712-736. doi: 10.5465/AMR.2005.18378874
[39]	Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (1993). Self-esteem and counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2) : 199-206. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14844442_Self-Esteem_and_Counterfactual_Thinking
[40]	Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (1995). Functions of counterfactual thinking. In N. J. Roese & J. M. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterf actual thinking. 1-55. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
[41]	Roese, N. J., & Summerville, A. (2005). What we regret most …and why. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(9) : 1273-1285. doi: 10.1177/0146167205274693
[42]	Sanna, L., Meier, S., & Wegner, E. (2001). Counterfactuals and motivation: Mood as input to affective enjoyment and preparation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(2) : 235-256. doi: 10.1348/014466601164830
[43]	Sanna, L., Turley-Ames, K. J. (2000). Counterfactual intensity. European Journal of Social Psychology. 30(3), 273-296. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/counterfactual-intensity-sqdMBb9Vp6
[44]	Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2002). Maximizing versus satisfying: Happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 1178-1197.
[45]	Schwartz, B. (2000). Self-determination: The tyranny of freedom. American Psychologist, 55(6) :79-88. http://www.citeulike.org/group/70/article/1431302
[46]	Singer, J. A., & Blagov, P. (2004). The integrative function of narrative processing:Autobiographical memory, self-defining memories and the life story of identity. In Beike, D. Behrend & J. Lampinen (Eds.), Memory and the self(117-138). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
[47]	Teigen, K. H., Evensen, P. C., Samoilov, D. K., & Vatne, K. B. (1999). Good luck and bad luck:how to tell the difference. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(6) : 981-1010.
[48]	Terranova, L. E. (2009). The experience of being called to serve: A phenomenological study of practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(3) :424-450. doi: 10.1177/0011000008316430
[49]	Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4) : 24-31.
[50]	Von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[51]	Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism. Translated by Talcott Parsons. New York: Scribner.
[52]	Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Obstfeld, D. (2005). Organizing and the process of sensemaking. Organization Science, 16(3), 409-421. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.125.6080
[53]	Wrzesniewski, A. (2003). Finding positive meaning in work. In K. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive Organizational Scholarship (pp. 296-308). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
[54]	Wrzesniewski, A., Dutton, J. E., & Debebe, G. (2003). Interpersonal sensemaking and the meaning of work. Research in Organizational Be-havior, 25(2) : 93-135. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191308503250036
[55]	Wrzesniewski, A., Tosti-Kharas, J., & Landman, J. (2011). If I could turn back time: Occupational regret and its consequences for work and life. Unpublished manuscript.
[56]	Zeelenberg, M., Inman, J. J., & Pieters, R. G. M. (2001). What we do when decisions go awry. In E. U. Weber, J. Baron & G. Loomes (Eds.), Conflict and tradeoffs in decision making (136-155). New York: Cambridge University Press.