Philosophy of science is the essence among the development of western science and culture, which provides significant methodological guidance for the research of different disciplines. From the starting point of the discussion on realism in the history of scientific philosophy, this paper briefly reviewed the development of western philosophy of science, and introduced the recent developments of constructive realism, in order to make the scholars in the fields of education and even social sciences pay more attention on philosophy of science, especially on constructive realism in vigorous development of New Vienna Circle. Furthermore, when current education science research is reflected in the guidance of constructive realism, breakthrough should be made from the following four aspects: on the construction of discipline, integration among disciplines should be enhanced; on the orientation of research, indigenous approach should be emphasized; on the academic purport, education practice should be strengthened; on the method of research, multi-paradigm should be recognized.