2018 Vol. 36, No. 3
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2018, 36(3): 1-12+166.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.001
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Abstract:
Gaokao (National College Entrance Examination) in China has been changing since its resumption in 1977. Guided by the principles of voluntary application and merit-based admission, the Gaokao system with Chinese characteristics values Chinese examination tradition and cultural psychology, as well as celebrates the orientation towards modernization and future. The system has greatly improved through continuous reform explorations, involving the change from the state-level organizing of national examination to the provincial, from Gaokao once a year to twice a year, from paper-based testing and enrollment to computer-based, from one-size-fit-all examined subjects to personalized selection scenario. In addition, the undifferentiated examination has shifted to a differentiated one targeting various types of higher education institutions; and the enrollment policies now focus on applicants' comprehensive qualities rather than their examination results alone.
Gaokao (National College Entrance Examination) in China has been changing since its resumption in 1977. Guided by the principles of voluntary application and merit-based admission, the Gaokao system with Chinese characteristics values Chinese examination tradition and cultural psychology, as well as celebrates the orientation towards modernization and future. The system has greatly improved through continuous reform explorations, involving the change from the state-level organizing of national examination to the provincial, from Gaokao once a year to twice a year, from paper-based testing and enrollment to computer-based, from one-size-fit-all examined subjects to personalized selection scenario. In addition, the undifferentiated examination has shifted to a differentiated one targeting various types of higher education institutions; and the enrollment policies now focus on applicants' comprehensive qualities rather than their examination results alone.
2018, 36(3): 13-24+166.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.002
Abstract:
Some science subjects like physics and chemistry, played an important role in China's early Gaokao system. However, in new Gaokao, the importance of science subjects has been greatly weakened, which has become a great concern. It's understood that China's development has a lot to do with science education. Nowadays, the number of registered students for science examination has decreased significantly. The main reason is that unscientific scoring methods have put those students at a disadvantage. Solutions to this problem are sought by different stake-holders. Based on its analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of these solutions, this paper argues that, considering the current Gaokao's policy framework, three measures should be taken to solve this problem.
Some science subjects like physics and chemistry, played an important role in China's early Gaokao system. However, in new Gaokao, the importance of science subjects has been greatly weakened, which has become a great concern. It's understood that China's development has a lot to do with science education. Nowadays, the number of registered students for science examination has decreased significantly. The main reason is that unscientific scoring methods have put those students at a disadvantage. Solutions to this problem are sought by different stake-holders. Based on its analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of these solutions, this paper argues that, considering the current Gaokao's policy framework, three measures should be taken to solve this problem.
Scientific Literacy Development in CEE Context: Dilemma and Solution—A Case of CEE Reform in Jiangsu
2018, 36(3): 25-32+166+167.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.003
Abstract:
Scientific literacy, a reflection of national overall strength, is essential for the national implementation of innovation for development. K-12 science education is a main channel to develop scientific literacy, and the college entrance examination (CEE)has a guiding effecton K-12 education. Based on the practice of CEE in Jiangsu province, this article analyzes the utilitarian tendency in the current CEE model, which causes the decreased number of applicants in science subjects, making science courses "marginalized". It then argues that a scientific and fair system of examination and enrollment should be established, including granting colleges and universities the autonomy in enrollment, updating the concept of education and teaching and improving evaluation mechanism. This will help promote the development of scientific literacy and offer some policy implications for the CEE reform.
Scientific literacy, a reflection of national overall strength, is essential for the national implementation of innovation for development. K-12 science education is a main channel to develop scientific literacy, and the college entrance examination (CEE)has a guiding effecton K-12 education. Based on the practice of CEE in Jiangsu province, this article analyzes the utilitarian tendency in the current CEE model, which causes the decreased number of applicants in science subjects, making science courses "marginalized". It then argues that a scientific and fair system of examination and enrollment should be established, including granting colleges and universities the autonomy in enrollment, updating the concept of education and teaching and improving evaluation mechanism. This will help promote the development of scientific literacy and offer some policy implications for the CEE reform.
2018, 36(3): 33-40+167.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.004
Abstract:
Since the pilot reform of the college entrance examination (CEE) in Zhejiang and Shanghai, the decreasing number of students choosing physics subject has become a major concern. Based on the data of the chosen subjects for CEE from 2003 and 2008 in Y city, Jiangsu province, this article analyzes the similar phenomenon caused by the reform of CEE schemes in Jiangsu province, where two different CEE schemes were carried out respectively. The analysis focuses on the deficiency of the two schemes in Jiangsu, revealing the consequent immediate and long-term effects, which can provide some implications for the new reform of CEE.
Since the pilot reform of the college entrance examination (CEE) in Zhejiang and Shanghai, the decreasing number of students choosing physics subject has become a major concern. Based on the data of the chosen subjects for CEE from 2003 and 2008 in Y city, Jiangsu province, this article analyzes the similar phenomenon caused by the reform of CEE schemes in Jiangsu province, where two different CEE schemes were carried out respectively. The analysis focuses on the deficiency of the two schemes in Jiangsu, revealing the consequent immediate and long-term effects, which can provide some implications for the new reform of CEE.
2018, 36(3): 41-56+167.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.005
Abstract:
Focusing on quality and equityin admission, the paper takes Zhejiang Normal University as the research object and compares the performances of the students enrolled through "Trinity" Comprehensive Evaluation in the college entrance examination. The findings show that, despite the gaps between programs and grades, the performance of students enrolled through "Trinity" Evaluation as a whole is better than the reference group in terms of program identity, GPA, participation in the Party and student unions, as well as awards and honors. The data also reveal that "Trinity" Comprehensive Evaluation and enrollment are more favorable to urban students. The paper concludes that "Trinity" Comprehensive Evaluation and enrollment should be employed more cautiously and improved.
Focusing on quality and equityin admission, the paper takes Zhejiang Normal University as the research object and compares the performances of the students enrolled through "Trinity" Comprehensive Evaluation in the college entrance examination. The findings show that, despite the gaps between programs and grades, the performance of students enrolled through "Trinity" Evaluation as a whole is better than the reference group in terms of program identity, GPA, participation in the Party and student unions, as well as awards and honors. The data also reveal that "Trinity" Comprehensive Evaluation and enrollment are more favorable to urban students. The paper concludes that "Trinity" Comprehensive Evaluation and enrollment should be employed more cautiously and improved.
Comprehensive Quality Evaluation in the New CEE Context: Implication, Implementation and Application
2018, 36(3): 57-68+168.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.006
Abstract:
In the New CEE (college entrance examination)context, the application of the comprehensive quality evaluation in colleges and universities enrollment reflects not just the spirit of the reform, but also the need to promote the reform process. Based on the understanding of comprehensive quality evaluation, this article focuses on why and how the evaluation should and can be used or implemented, what risks are involved, and what guarantee conditions are needed. Then, in a systematic way, it deals with the values and implications, international experiences and practical feasibility, programming and implementation, possible risks and guarantee conditions. In conclusion, the article attempts to respond theoretically and practically to the application of comprehensive quality evaluation in colleges and universities enrollment.
In the New CEE (college entrance examination)context, the application of the comprehensive quality evaluation in colleges and universities enrollment reflects not just the spirit of the reform, but also the need to promote the reform process. Based on the understanding of comprehensive quality evaluation, this article focuses on why and how the evaluation should and can be used or implemented, what risks are involved, and what guarantee conditions are needed. Then, in a systematic way, it deals with the values and implications, international experiences and practical feasibility, programming and implementation, possible risks and guarantee conditions. In conclusion, the article attempts to respond theoretically and practically to the application of comprehensive quality evaluation in colleges and universities enrollment.
2018, 36(3): 69-78+168.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.007
Abstract:
It's required that students' comprehensive quality assessment should be included as a reference in university admission, according to China's new university entrance examination reform. In theory, comprehensive quality means individual's ability to solve complex tasks in specific contexts, which is characterized by integrity, comprehensiveness and individuality. The assessment of students' comprehensive quality should focus on how they solve problems in real life. At the policy level, comprehensive quality is divided into different dimensions and high schools are required to keep a record, which will be used for reference in the admission process. In practice, on the other hand, some universities in Shanghai are exploring how to assess the comprehensive quality by means of university activities, referring to the report by high schools and examination score to improve the reform. To strength capacity-building of admission, universities should strive to improve the professionalism of assessment by providing sufficient resource in support of the admission processes.
It's required that students' comprehensive quality assessment should be included as a reference in university admission, according to China's new university entrance examination reform. In theory, comprehensive quality means individual's ability to solve complex tasks in specific contexts, which is characterized by integrity, comprehensiveness and individuality. The assessment of students' comprehensive quality should focus on how they solve problems in real life. At the policy level, comprehensive quality is divided into different dimensions and high schools are required to keep a record, which will be used for reference in the admission process. In practice, on the other hand, some universities in Shanghai are exploring how to assess the comprehensive quality by means of university activities, referring to the report by high schools and examination score to improve the reform. To strength capacity-building of admission, universities should strive to improve the professionalism of assessment by providing sufficient resource in support of the admission processes.
2018, 36(3): 79-86+168+169.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.008
Abstract:
The score comparability of different subjects in Gaokao reform has always been a big concern in recent years. Experience in some provinces shows that standard score reform is not a proper solution to this problem because of its technical flaws in the process of score conversion. Percentile band score, despite some restrictions like using total raw score in admission, seems a compromised choice. To some extent, percentile band score, as a kind of simplified standard score, makes it possible to compare the scores of different subjects before adding them together while leaving some negative influence on teaching and learning. However, technically, percentile band score still needs improving given the existing practice of using Gaokao scores.
The score comparability of different subjects in Gaokao reform has always been a big concern in recent years. Experience in some provinces shows that standard score reform is not a proper solution to this problem because of its technical flaws in the process of score conversion. Percentile band score, despite some restrictions like using total raw score in admission, seems a compromised choice. To some extent, percentile band score, as a kind of simplified standard score, makes it possible to compare the scores of different subjects before adding them together while leaving some negative influence on teaching and learning. However, technically, percentile band score still needs improving given the existing practice of using Gaokao scores.
2018, 36(3): 87-98+169.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.009
Abstract:
The validity of Gaokao(Chinese college entrance examination), a selective test of academic evaluation, depends on its identification of the variability of students' transferable ability in problem-solving. However, the raw score in academic evaluation does not reflect the actual level of students' ability, which is a latent variable. In order to make the results of academic evaluation more valid, this study constructs a moderated model based on latent variable by treating a student with full score in ability as a reference. Raw score of a particular question is re-weighed according to the difficulty of the question. The moderated model based on the latent variable was applied to the data analysis of an 11-school-league examination, with a total of 9, 008 high school students participating in 10 subjects tests. The results show that:a) the adjusted score is more normal than the raw score; b) the ability score is more stable than the raw score; c) the total score has a high correlation with the ability score; d) individually, there is a big difference between the raw score and the ability score.
The validity of Gaokao(Chinese college entrance examination), a selective test of academic evaluation, depends on its identification of the variability of students' transferable ability in problem-solving. However, the raw score in academic evaluation does not reflect the actual level of students' ability, which is a latent variable. In order to make the results of academic evaluation more valid, this study constructs a moderated model based on latent variable by treating a student with full score in ability as a reference. Raw score of a particular question is re-weighed according to the difficulty of the question. The moderated model based on the latent variable was applied to the data analysis of an 11-school-league examination, with a total of 9, 008 high school students participating in 10 subjects tests. The results show that:a) the adjusted score is more normal than the raw score; b) the ability score is more stable than the raw score; c) the total score has a high correlation with the ability score; d) individually, there is a big difference between the raw score and the ability score.
2018, 36(3): 99-114+169+170.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.010
Abstract:
The new system of college entrance examination differs from the old one in that colleges and universities can act as the subject in enrolling students, This change from passive admission to active enrollment enables college admission criteria as a guideline to promote students' healthy growth. If admission agencies in colleges and universities cannot transform their functions and still enroll students based only on scores, the current "exam-oriented training" and "only test scores matter" will likely be further aggravated. And the pre-reform dead hand in admission may lead to more problems with grade assignment, the conversion and comparison of multiple calculation methods, equivalence and so on. On the other hand, if the admission agencies transform their duties by truly implementing the spirit of two basics and one reference, it is likely to achieve the goal of strengthening moral education and that problems like profit-seeking in the pilot reform can also be easily solved.
The new system of college entrance examination differs from the old one in that colleges and universities can act as the subject in enrolling students, This change from passive admission to active enrollment enables college admission criteria as a guideline to promote students' healthy growth. If admission agencies in colleges and universities cannot transform their functions and still enroll students based only on scores, the current "exam-oriented training" and "only test scores matter" will likely be further aggravated. And the pre-reform dead hand in admission may lead to more problems with grade assignment, the conversion and comparison of multiple calculation methods, equivalence and so on. On the other hand, if the admission agencies transform their duties by truly implementing the spirit of two basics and one reference, it is likely to achieve the goal of strengthening moral education and that problems like profit-seeking in the pilot reform can also be easily solved.
2018, 36(3): 115-124+170.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.011
Abstract:
Since 2006, Fudan University has been exploring a scientific method of evaluating and enrolling creative candidates to support student development. In the reform context, Fudan is seeking a practicable way of comprehensive admissions, while changing the situation of assessing students based on scores alone. After years of exploration, Fudan has created its own method, combing written examinations, applications and interview. It turns out that the method is both scientific and practicable, and has been introduced into many other universities, which has promoted the reform of undergraduate education. Besides, it serves as a valuable guidance for all-round development in quality education.
Since 2006, Fudan University has been exploring a scientific method of evaluating and enrolling creative candidates to support student development. In the reform context, Fudan is seeking a practicable way of comprehensive admissions, while changing the situation of assessing students based on scores alone. After years of exploration, Fudan has created its own method, combing written examinations, applications and interview. It turns out that the method is both scientific and practicable, and has been introduced into many other universities, which has promoted the reform of undergraduate education. Besides, it serves as a valuable guidance for all-round development in quality education.
2018, 36(3): 125-134+170.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.012
Abstract:
Since the resumption of college entrance examination forty years ago, the Chinese government has gradually granted some enrollment autonomy to different types of higher education institutions (HEIs)at different levels in the reform of examination and enrollment system. Despite many years of exploration, there are still extensive debates among theorists and practitioners about the nature, content and allocation of college enrollment autonomy. In essence, college enrollment autonomy involves a kind of combined public and private power(right) and in its operation process, the administrative power and academic power of HEIs should be rationally allocated. In enlarging college enrollment autonomy, there exist many problems, such as the interference of educational authority, HEIs' lack of awareness and ability of independent enrollment, misplacement of power allocation, and lack of supervision.In the context of new college entrance examination reform, we should gradually expand the college enrollment autonomy based on China's national conditions, improve the professional ability of HEIs exercising enrollment autonomy, and ensure the proper application of enrollment rights through mechanisms.
Since the resumption of college entrance examination forty years ago, the Chinese government has gradually granted some enrollment autonomy to different types of higher education institutions (HEIs)at different levels in the reform of examination and enrollment system. Despite many years of exploration, there are still extensive debates among theorists and practitioners about the nature, content and allocation of college enrollment autonomy. In essence, college enrollment autonomy involves a kind of combined public and private power(right) and in its operation process, the administrative power and academic power of HEIs should be rationally allocated. In enlarging college enrollment autonomy, there exist many problems, such as the interference of educational authority, HEIs' lack of awareness and ability of independent enrollment, misplacement of power allocation, and lack of supervision.In the context of new college entrance examination reform, we should gradually expand the college enrollment autonomy based on China's national conditions, improve the professional ability of HEIs exercising enrollment autonomy, and ensure the proper application of enrollment rights through mechanisms.
2018, 36(3): 158-165+171.
doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.014
Abstract:
There used to be unified regulations and requirements in China's K-12 education, as well as enforced school management and efficiency. This has resulted in the relatively single mode of senior high schools, a phenomenon of "the same look of one thousand schools". Most senior high schools tend to pay more attention to intellectual development than moral education, to test scores than students' development, thus neglecting students' individualized needs and leaving little space for students' independent learning. This was why the pilot reform of college entrance examination system was carried out in Zhejiang and Shanghai in 2014. While deepening the curriculum reform of senior high schools in 2012, Zhejiang Province conducted a series of exploration based on the concept of selective education, creating a "Zhejiang Model" for the comprehensive reform of national education.Focusing on the main contents and tasks of Zhejiang college entrance examination reform, this paper further analyzes the difficulties and challenges in Zhejiang's innovative practice and exploration ofthe new college entrance examination.
There used to be unified regulations and requirements in China's K-12 education, as well as enforced school management and efficiency. This has resulted in the relatively single mode of senior high schools, a phenomenon of "the same look of one thousand schools". Most senior high schools tend to pay more attention to intellectual development than moral education, to test scores than students' development, thus neglecting students' individualized needs and leaving little space for students' independent learning. This was why the pilot reform of college entrance examination system was carried out in Zhejiang and Shanghai in 2014. While deepening the curriculum reform of senior high schools in 2012, Zhejiang Province conducted a series of exploration based on the concept of selective education, creating a "Zhejiang Model" for the comprehensive reform of national education.Focusing on the main contents and tasks of Zhejiang college entrance examination reform, this paper further analyzes the difficulties and challenges in Zhejiang's innovative practice and exploration ofthe new college entrance examination.